The Virgo, LIGO and KAGRA scientific collaborations today announced the first observation ever of binary systems consisting of a neutron star (NS) and a black hole (BH). This was made possible by the detection, in January 2020, of gravitational signals (nicknamed GW200105 and GW200115 from the dates of their detection) emitted by two systems, in which a black hole and a neutron star, rotating around each other, merged into a single compact object. The existence of these systems was predicted by astronomers several decades ago, but they had never been observed with confidence, either through electromagnetic or gravitational signals, until now. The result and its astrophysical implications have today been published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters.
“So far we have observed pairs of black holes or pairs of neutron stars through electromagnetic radiation observations or through gravitational waves. The pair of black hole and neutron star was the ‘missing binary’ astronomers were always asking about”, said Astrid Lamberts, CNRS researcher of the Virgo collaboration at Artemis laboratory, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur in Nice. “This discovery shows once again how gravitational-wave detectors are broadening our horizon, allowing us to observe what until now we literally could not see.”
The gravitational signals detected in January encode valuable information about the physical features of the systems, such as the mass and distance of the two NSBH pairs, as well as about the physical mechanisms that have generated them and bring them to collapse. The signal analysis has shown that the black hole and neutron star that created GW200105 are, respectively, about 8.9 times and 1.9 times as massive as our Sun and their merger happened around 900 million years ago, hundreds of millions of years before the first dinosaurs appeared on Earth. For the GW200115 event, the Virgo, LIGO and KAGRA scientists estimate the two compact objects had masses around 5.7 (BH) and 1.5 (NS) times the Sun mass and that they merged almost 1 billion years ago.
The result announced today, alongside the dozens of detections made by Virgo and LIGO to date, allow us, for the first time, a close observation of some of the most violent and rare phenomena in the Universe and to draw an unprecedented picture of the crowded and chaotic regions that are one of the possible nursery environments of these events. Furthermore, the detailed information we have started to collect about the physics of the black hole and star mergers, gives us the chance to test the fundamental laws of physics at extreme conditions, which obviously we will never be able to reproduce on Earth.
“The discovery announced today is one more gem in the treasure of the 3rd LIGO-Virgo observing run”, stated Giovanni Losurdo, Virgo spokesperson and INFN researcher. “LIGO and Virgo keep unveiling catastrophic collisions, which have never been observed before, shedding light on a truly new cosmic landscape. We are now upgrading the detectors with the aim of looking much farther into the depth of the cosmos, searching for new gems, seeking a deeper understanding of the universe we live in.”
The AstroCeNT team members also participate in Virgo: Prof. Tomasz Bulik, Dr Marek Cieslar, Dr Mariusz Suchenek, Dr Grzegorz Nieradka, Dr Josiah Ensing. In connection with today’s announcement, Professor Bulik said: “This discovery by LIGO and Virgo collaborations crowns the efforts to observe all three types of compact object binaries: binary black holes, binary neutron stars, and now the mixed binaries containing a black hole and a neutron star. These elusive binaries are difficult to form and require either very specific initial conditions for binary evolution or an evolution in dense clusters. The fact that there are two types of objects with different masses will allow not only to test general relativity but also to investigate the properties of the matter that makes neutron stars. Thus this discovery opens a lot of opportunities for gravitational wave astrophysics!”
